THE 555 TIMER IC

The 555 is commonly called a TIMER IC. It is an 8-pin chip and has a number of different identifications: LM555CN from National and SE555/NE555 from Signetics are just two manufacturers. These numbers all refer to the most common and cheapest version, we will call the 555.

The 555 contains more than 28 transistors and it is basically a chip containing a number of building blocks that end up very similar to an oscillator without the TIMING COMPONENTS.
It needs two or three external components to produce an oscillator capable of operating at a frequency from 1Hz to 500kHz. When it oscillates at a frequency less than 1Hz, the circuit is called a Timer or Delay. The chip also has a pin (pin 2) that prevents the chip from starting the Timing cycle until it is taken LOW. Another pin (pin 4) stops the chip from oscillating (or continuing with a delay-time) when it is taken LOW and a pin (pin 5) that can adjust the mark-space ratio of the waveform.

The diagrams below show the names of each pin and a simplified block diagram of the internal workings.

THE FUNCTION OF EACH PIN
Pin 1 Ground
The ground (or common) pin is connected to the 0v rail - commonly called the negative rail or EARTH rail.

Pin 2 Trigger
This pin connects to the lower comparator and is used to set the control flip flop. When it is taken LOW, it causes the output to go HIGH. This is the beginning of the timing sequence for a monostable operation. Triggering is accomplished by taking the pin below 1/3 of rail voltage - in digital terms, this is called a LOW. The action of the trigger input is level-sensitive, allowing slow rate-of-change waveforms, (as well as pulses), to be used as trigger sources. The trigger pulse must be of shorter duration than the time interval determined by external R and C. If this pin is held low for a longer period of time, the output will remain high until the trigger input is high again. If the trigger input remains lower than 1/3 rail voltage for longer than the timing cycle, the timer will re-trigger upon termination of the first output pulse. When the timer is used in monostable mode with trigger pulses longer than the output pulse, the trigger duration must be shortened by external circuitry. The minimum pulse-width for reliable triggering is about 10uS.

Pin 3 Output
The output of the 555 comes from a high-current totem-pole stage. This provides both sinking and sourcing current. The high-state output voltage is about 1.7 volts less than the supply. At 15 volt supply, the chip can sink 200mA with an output-low voltage level of 2 volts. High-state level is 13.3 volts. Both rise and fall times of the output waveform are quite fast, typical switching being 100nS. To make the output HIGH, the TRIGGER PIN (pin 2) is momentarily taken from a HIGH to a LOW. This causes the output to go HIGH. This is the only way the output can be made to go high. The output can be returned to a LOW by making the THRESHOLD PIN (Pin 6) go from a LOW to a HIGH. The output can also be made to go LOW by taking the RESET PIN to a LOW state.

Pin 4 Reset
This pin is used to make the OUTPUT PIN (Pin 3) LOW. The reset pin must go below 0.7 volt and it needs 0.1mA to reset the chip. The RESET PIN is an overriding function. It will force the OUTPUT PIN to go LOW regardless of the state of the TRIGGER PIN (Pin 2). It can be used to terminate an output pulse prematurely, to gate oscillations from "on" to "off." The pin is active when a voltage level between 0v and 0.4 volt is applied to it. When not used, it is recommended that the RESET PIN be tied to the positive rail to avoid the possibility of false resetting.

Pin 5 Control Voltage
This pin allows direct access to the 2/3 voltage-divider point. This is the reference level for the upper comparator. When the 555 timer is used in a voltage-controlled mode, the voltage-controlled operation ranges from about 1 volt below rail-voltage to 2 volts above ground (0v). Voltages can be safely applied outside these limits, but they should be confined to between 0v and rail voltage. By applying a voltage to this pin, it is possible to vary the timing of the chip independently of the RC network. The control voltage may be varied from 45 to 90% of the Vcc in the monostable mode, making it possible to control the width of the output pulse independently of RC. When used in the astable mode, the control voltage can be varied from 1.7v to the full Vcc. Varying the voltage in the astable mode will produce a frequency modulated (FM) output. If the control-voltage pin is not used, it should be bypassed to ground, with a 10n capacitor to prevent noise entering the chip.

Pin 6 Threshold
Pin 6 is one input to the upper comparator (the other is pin 5). It makes the OUTPUT PIN go LOW. To make the output go LOW, the Threshold pin is taken from a LOW to a level above 2/3 of rail voltage. This pin is level-sensitive, allowing slow rate-of-change waveforms to be detected. A dc current, termed the threshold current, must also flow into this pin from the external circuit. This current is typically 0.1µA, and will determine the upper limit of total resistance allowable from pin 6 to rail. For 5v operation the resistance is 16M. For 15v operation, the maximum resistance is 20M.

Pin 7 Discharge
This pin is connected to the open collector of an NPN transistor. The emitter goes to ground. When the transistor is turned "on,'" pin 7 is effectively shorted to ground. The timing capacitor is connected between pin 7 and ground and is discharged when the transistor turns "on". The conduction state of this transistor is identical in timing to that of the output stage. It is "on" (low resistance to ground) when the output is LOW and "off" (high resistance to ground) when the output is HIGH. Maximum collector current is internally limited by design, so that any size capacitor can be used without damage to the chip. In certain applications, this open collector output can be used as an auxiliary output terminal, with current-sinking capability similar to the OUTPUT (pin 3).

Pin 8 Rail
This pin (also referred to as Vcc) is the positive supply voltage pin for the 555. Supply-voltage operating range is +4.5 volts to +16 volts. The chip will operate over this voltage range without change in timing period. The only change is the output drive capability, which increases in current as the supply voltage is increased.

USING THE 555

A 555 can be wired:
1. As a TIMER (monostable operation - also called a DELAY),
2. As an OSCILLATOR (also called a MULTIVIBRATOR - or astable operation)
3. As a ONE-SHOT (also called monostable operation).
The 555 IC is an extremely popular IC. It is simple to use and very rugged.
It comes in a single, dual or quad package with part numbers such as LM555, NE555, LM556, NE556. It is ideal for astable (free-running) oscillators as well as the one-shot monostable mode.
The 555 can be triggered and reset on falling waveforms and the output can source or sink up to 200mA. The HIGH output is about 1.7v less than supply. The NE555 operates 3v - 16v DC.
Maximum operating frequency is 500kHz.

THE 7555

7555 is a CMOS version of the 555. It is exactly the same as the 555 but consumes less power. The 555 consumes 10mA, while the 7555 consumes 80uA (1/120th). The CMOS version comes with different identifications according to the manufacturer.
LMC555 or LM555CN is made by National Semiconductors, TLC555 is made by Texas Instruments, ICM7555 is supplied by Philips, ZSCT1555 comes from Zetex and ICM7555 is made by Maxim. The main feature to note is the inclusion of the number "7" or the letter "C" to identify the CMOS version.
They use less power than the older (555, NE555, LM555) versions and don't require a capacitor on the control pin. Although pin and functionally compatible, the component values differ between the low-power CMOS and older versions.
The Exar XR-L555 timer is a micro-power version of the standard 555 offering a direct, pin-for-pin substitute with the advantage of lower power operation. It is capable of operation from 2.7v to 18v. At 5v, the L555 will consume about 900 microwatts, making it ideally suitable for battery operated circuits. The internal schematic of the L555 is similar to the standard 555 but with current-spiking filtering, lower output drive capability, higher nodal impedances, and better noise reduction system.

USING THE 7555

The ICM7555 is a CMOS timer providing significantly improved performance over the standard NE/SE555 timer, while at the same time being a direct replacement in most applications.
Improved parameters include low supply current, wide operating supply voltage range, low THRESHOLD, TRIGGER, and RESET currents, no crow-barring of the supply current during output transitions, higher frequency performance and no requirement to decouple CONTROL VOLTAGE for stable operation.
The ICM7555 is a stable controller capable of producing accurate time delays or frequencies.
In the one-shot mode, the pulse width of each duration is precisely controlled by one external resistor and capacitor.
For astable operation as an oscillator, the free-running frequency and the duty cycle are both accurately controlled by two external resistors and one capacitor. Unlike the bipolar 555 device, the CONTROL VOLTAGE pin does not have to be decoupled with a capacitor.
The output can source or sink currents large enough to drive TTL loads or provide minimal offsets to drive CMOS loads. Maximum output current 50 - 80mA.

• Exact equivalent in most applications for NE/SE555
• Low supply current: 80µA (typical)
• Extremely low trigger, threshold, and reset currents: 20pA (typical)
• High-speed operation: 500kHz guaranteed
• Wide operating supply voltage: 3v to 16v
• Normal reset function. No crow-barring of supply during output transition
• Can be used with higher-impedance timing elements than the bipolar 555 for longer time constants
• Timing from microseconds to hours
• Operates in both astable and monostable modes
• Adjustable duty cycle
• Output source/sink driver can drive TTL/CMOS.
Maximum output current 50 - 80mA.
• Typical temperature stability of 0.005%/°C at 25°C
• Rail-to-rail outputs

An improvement on the CMOS 7555 is the ZSCT1555 from Zetex. It is guaranteed to work down to to 0.9 volts with bipolar technology. It has been designed for portable applications, by offering single battery cell operation. (See end of P3 for a technician's difficulty with getting this chip to oscillate.)
It provides the same precision timing capabilities as its predecessors, (the 555 and 7555) it has the same 8 legged pin-out. With the simple adjustment of external passive components to set the frequency, the device's function is just the same, whether it be generating accurate time delays or oscillations.
Assuming a 5v supply, a typical CMOS part draws 170uA while the new timer pulls 140uA, and at 1.5v just 75uA.

555 Vs 7555

The choice between the standard 555 and CMOS version (7555) or ZSCT1555 will depend on cost, availability, load current required and frequency of operation. It will mainly come down to battery or mains operation for the project.
Normally, when we change from a TTL chip to a CMOS chip, the component values change by a factor of 10x or 100x. This is because the TTL chips are very low impedance and CMOS is very high impedance.
But if a 555 is substituted for a CMOS version, the timing components remain the SAME!
This is very convenient. Chips can be substituted without having to alter the surrounding circuitry. The only change will be the current consumption of the chip. In general, the consumption will reduce from about 10mA to approx 0.5mA. (A LED Voltmeter circuit made the following circuit-current comparison: using 555 = 7mA, using 7555 = 0.35mA). This is typical of the current-saving of a CMOS version.
This article covers most types and provides a number of comparisons and substitutions.
A typical 7555 circuit is shown below:

Note the need for the driver transistor in the circuit above, as the 7555 has an output capability of about 50mA.

DRAWING 555 "BLOCKS"

One of the most important points when drawing a 555 "block" is maintaining a standard layout. Diagrammatic blocks on a circuit diagram are not supposed to show the pins in the same order as the legs on a chip. The wiring to the chip should be placed in positions to represent their function. The power is placed at the top, ground at he bottom, input at the left and output at the right. The other lines are also placed in appropriate positions.
The layout should be positioned to aid in the interpretation of a diagram. The end result should be to provide the maximum information and make it easy to interpret the symbol.
Many of the 555 circuit diagrams place the lines to the 555 block so you have to interpret every diagram individually. This makes reading a circuit diagram very slow.

The first thing you need to know is the function of each pin. See the animation below:

The 555 can be used for a number of applications.
It can be wired as an OSCILLATOR or a MONOSTABLE or DELAY and many different circuits can be produced with these modes of operation.

THE 555 AS AN OSCILLATOR

The 555 can be wired as an OSCILLATOR. It needs 2 external components - a resistor R and a capacitor C. These are called TIMING COMPONENTS. The diagram below shows these two components:

The capacitor charges via R and when it reaches 2/3 of rail voltage, pin 7 shorts the capacitor to ground. This means the capacitor charges slowly but discharges very quickly. An improved layout is shown below:

The capacitor charges via R (plus the top resistor) and discharges via R (only). If the top resistor is small compared with R, we can neglect it, so that C charges via R and discharges via R at about the same rate.
The top resistor simply separates pin 7 from the positive rail as pin 7 shorts to ground to discharge the capacitor during part of the cycle.

HOW THE 555 OSCILLATES

The capacitor charges via the timing resistor R and when the voltage across it reaches 2/3 of the supply voltage, the output of the 555 goes LOW. The timing resistor is taken to the 0v rail via pin 7 and the capacitor discharges. When the voltage across the capacitor reaches 1/3 of rail voltage the output of the 555 goes HIGH. The timing resistor is taken to the positive rail via the top resistor (pin7 effectively comes out of circuit) and the cycle repeats. Don't worry about pins 4 or 5 at the moment.
The animation below shows how the 555 oscillates:

These are the three points to note:
1. Pin 2 detect the low voltage on the capacitor, and makes pin 7 and the output go HIGH
2. Pin 6 detects the high voltage on the capacitor and makes pin 7 and the output go LOW
3. Pin 7 is "in-phase" with the output. (both are low at the same time)

An improved oscillator is shown in the diagram below. It uses only one resistor to charge and discharge the capacitor and the circuit does not have the wasteful top resistor. The circuit draws less current than the circuit above but the only difference is the frequency of operation will be lower for the same value of components because the voltage delivered by the output line is 1.7v less than the supply rail. The output can deliver up to 200mA but if it is delivering a high current, the output voltage may be reduced and this will affect the frequency of operation. If a reliable frequency is needed, this is not the circuit to choose.

THE ACTION OF PIN 4

Pin 4 is called the RESET PIN. It is called an ACTIVE LOW pin. When pin 4 is HIGH, the chip operates normally. When pin 4 is taken LOW, the output of the chip is INHIBITED - it remains LOW. Pin 7 is also taken low and the chip is prevented from oscillating.
Mouseover the following animation to see the action of pin 4:

Mouse-over to INHIBIT the 555

THE 555 AS A MONOSTABLE

The 555 can be wired as a monostable. A monostable has one stable state and that is the OFF state. The unstable state is called the ON or HIGH state.
When it is triggered by an input pulse, the monostable switches to its temporary or ON state. It remains in that state for a period of time determined by an RC network and returns to its stable state. In other words, the monostable circuit generates a single pulse of a fixed time duration each time it receives and input trigger pulse.

The monostable circuit can also be called a ONE-SHOT due to the single-pulse it creates. This type of circuit can be used for activating an external device for a specific length of time. They can also be used to generate delays.

Another use for this type of circuit is to take the brief pulse of a push-button and activate a device. This is called a PULSE-EXTENDER.
It can also be used to clean-up the noisy output of a push-button and this is called SWITCH DEBOUNCING.
The diagram below shows a push-button connected to a 555. When the button is pressed, the relay operates for 5 seconds. The button must be released before the time-interval has expired otherwise the time is extended. This is the only limitation of this circuit.

The next circuit is an improved design. The switch can be pressed for any length of time and the circuit will only produce a 5 second output. The circuit is prevented from re-triggering by the addition of a 470k and 100n capacitor. When the switch is pressed, the uncharged capacitor takes pin 2 low and triggers the circuit. If the button is kept pressed the 100n charges and takes pin 2 high. The potential across the voltage divider formed by the 47k and 470k resistors is insufficient to re-trigger the monostable. The circuit "times-out" and the output goes low. When the button is released, the 100n discharges through the 470k and is ready for the next press.

A monostable (one-shot) can be connected to an astable (free-running oscillator) so that it gates (or inhibits) the oscillator to produce an output tone for a short duration. The circuit below can be used for an application such as doorbell. It is not suitable for battery operation as the 555 IC's are connected to the supply and draw current at all times.

This circuit can be used for a doorbell.

Pin 2 of the first 555 is HIGH and thus it is "non-operational" as it detects a LOW. Pin 6 is detecting a HIGH and thus the output of the IC is LOW. The output of the first 555 goes to the INHIBIT pin of the second 555. When pin 4 is LOW, the output of the chip is kept LOW.

THE 556

THE 556
The 556 is a DUAL 555. It contains two identical 555 timer circuits. The NE556/SE556 timers can be directly replaced by the CMOS types MC3456/MC3556.

The following three pin-outs identify the 556 dual timer IC and the function of each pin.

Discharge is "in-phase" with the Output. (both are low at the same time)
Threshold detects the high voltage on the capacitor and makes Discharge and Output go LOW
Trigger detect the low voltage on the capacitor and makes Discharge and Output go HIGH

Output HIGH (mS) Output LOW (mS) Frequency (kHz)

Calculate the Frequency, HIGH-interval and LOW-interval
for a 555 in ASTABLE mode. See answer below for Monostable (Delay):

Delay Sec

HIGH Interval (T₁) = 0.693 x (R₁+R₂) x C
LOW Interval (T₂) = 0.693 x R₂ x C
Frequency = 1.44 / ( (R₁+R₂+R₂) x C)

HOW TO USE THE CALCULATOR

Enter values for R₁, R₂, and C and press Calculate to determine HIGH interval and LOW interval. For example, a 10k (R₁), 100k (R₂) and 100n will produce output time intervals of 7.62mS HIGH and 6.93mS LOW. The frequency will be about 70Hz and a Delay of 0.01sec. R₁ should be greater than 1k and C should be greater than 1n.

SUBSTITUTING A 555

A 555 (and the 556 varieties) can be replaced by low-power 555's such as TLC555, LMC555, ICM7555. This has been covered above.

In this section we will show how to replace any of the 555 or 7555 devices with a building block called a SCHMITT TRIGGER. The Schmitt Trigger chip we suggest is a 74c14 (40106 -CD 40106). This chip contains six Schmitt Triggers. It allows up to 6 building blocks to be created, similar to the capabilities of a 555.

This is a much-more economical and professional way to designing a circuit and two other very important features are also provided.

The Schmitt Trigger consumes less current and battery designs can be created.
A Schmitt Trigger does not put noise on the power rails of a project and it can be used with other digital blocks without creating interference problems.

Six gates in a single hex Schmitt trigger chip allows the designer to produce 6 different building blocks and quite complex circuits can be produced.
The type of 555 circuit we are suggesting be replaced with a Schmitt design is one that meets one of more of the following criteria:
1. A design that needs to be upgraded and improved in "professionalism."
2. A design that needs to be reduced in quiescent current,
3. A design that uses more than one 555
4. A design that employs 555 IC's with digital IC's.
A simple 555 design for a car, for example, does not need to be converted.

THE 555 OSCILLATOR
The following diagrams show a free-running 555 oscillator and its Schmitt Trigger equivalent.
The circuit can be called an OSCILLATOR, SQUARE-WAVE OSCILLATOR or FREE-RUNNING OSCILLATOR.
The 555 can sink or source 200mA and the two diagrams show this:

The only difference between the two circuits is the Schmitt version will draw about 10mA -15mA less.
The 555 draws about 10mA for its internal operation and about 1mA - 5mA will be "wasted" through R2.
If the load is less than 25mA, the following circuits can be used:

The output of a single Schmitt Oscillator will drive a load up to 25mA, depending on the frequency of oscillation and the voltage of the supply. As the voltage decreases, the load current reduces. At 5v, the load will be a maximum of 10mA.
As the load current increases, the output will not rise to 66% of rail voltage and the oscillator will "freeze."

PULSE GENERATOR

Another name for "oscillator" is PULSE GENERATOR. The following circuit shows a 555 wired as a square-wave oscillator called a MULTIVIBRATOR. The output waveform is adjustable and is ideal for injecting into RF and IF stages. The square-wave is rich in harmonics and will pass through both RF and IF stages to produce a tone or "buzz" in the speaker.

CHANGING THE MARK-SPACE RATIO

The MARK and SPACE are the HIGH and LOW values of a waveform. When a waveform is HIGH, it is called the MARK.

The diagram above shows MARK and SPACE durations of different lengths. Marks and spaces can be any length and can change during the production of a waveform. If the length of the mark is equal to the space, the waveform is said to have a 50:50 Mark:Space ratio, as shown below:

A waveform with a 50:50 Mark:Space ratio is produced by a 555 when the top resistor (called the DISCHARGE resistor) is very small compared to the TIMING resistor. This is shown in the diagram below:

To increase the MARK, the Discharge resistor must be LARGE compared to the Timing resistor.

To increase the SPACE, a diode is needed as shown in the diagram below:

The MARK:SPACE ratio can be adjusted without altering the frequency by connecting two diodes as shown in the diagram below:

GATING THE OSCILLATOR

The 555 oscillator can be turned on and off via a control line. This is called "Gating the Oscillator" or "Controlling the Oscillator."
When designing this type of circuit, two things need to be considered:
1. The oscillator to be switched off with the output HIGH
2. The oscillator to be switched off with the output LOW
The next consideration is:
3. The oscillator (block) to be switched off
4. The oscillator (block) to remain in circuit.
There is an enormous difference between these designs. The main difference is the current consumption of the load, but the actual consumption of the chip can also be important.
Take for example, these two circuits:

In the first circuit, the key is in the output and the chip draws current all the time. If the project is battery operated, it will need an on-off switch. The second circuit uses the key as the switch and the circuit will not need a switch. The difference is only 10mA but if the first circuit is left on, the battery will

The next circuit shows one way to turn off a 555 after a period of activation:

The only problem with this circuit is the gradual lowering in volume as the electrolytic discharges. The 1,000u to 4700u determines the length of time the circuit is activated AFTER the Bell-Push is pressed. The circuit drops to zero current (the only current is the leakage of the 1,000u electrolytic).

In the following circuit the first 555 gates the second 555.

The second 555 is not turned off. The circuit inside both 555's are always drawing current.
It is not practical to "turn off" a 555 as shown in the next diagram:

The output of a 555 is 1.7v less than rail voltage. This means the second 555 is receiving 10.3v from the output line of the first 555 if the rail voltage is 12v. The maximum output of the second 555 will be 10.3 - 1.7 = 8.6v This may be too low for many output devices and the result may be disappointing.
The Schmitt Trigger can be gated too.
The first point to note is the hex Schmitt trigger IC contains 6 identical gates and the chip is normally permanently connected to the supply rail. If any of the unused inputs are tied HIGH, the particular gate draws very little current (less than 1uA), making the total for the chip about 6uA.
There are two ways to GATE a Schmitt Trigger and prevent it from oscillating.
The diagrams below show a Schmitt Trigger being gated so that the output is:

1. LOW,
2. HIGH.

Mouseover the animations below and see how the GATING LINE inhibits the oscillator:

Mouse-over to INHIBIT the Left Oscillator

For the left circuit, if the gating diode is taken HIGH, the capacitor charges quickly. This inhibits the operation of the oscillator and the output goes LOW. If a load is connected to the output of this gate, it will not be driven and the gate will consume the least current.
For the right circuit, when the gating diode is taken HIGH it does not have any effect on the operation of the circuit and the oscillator continues to operate.

Mouse-over to INHIBIT the Right Oscillator

For the left circuit, if the gating diode is taken LOW, it does not have any effect on the operation of the circuit and the oscillator continues to operate.
For the right circuit, if the gating diode is taken LOW, the capacitor is discharged and the oscillator is INHIBITED. The output goes HIGH and the load will be driven. The circuit will draw maximum current.

If NO LOAD is connected to the output, an inhibited gate will draw more current than when it is oscillating. Both arrangements will draw a similar current when inhibited. The current taken will be about 1uA for the gate plus the current through R.

THE 555 AS A DELAY

The 555 can be used as a timer up to 10 minutes. This circuit is also called a DELAY.
To start timing, the START button is pressed briefly and the output of the chip goes LOW. At the expiration of 10 minutes, the output goes HIGH and the red LED illuminates.
A simple application may be for a cooking operation in a shop.
If a product needs to be cooked or heated etc, the button can be pressed and the LED illuminates when the time has expired.
When calculating the time-duration for the circuit above, the capacitor charges from 0v to 2/3 rail voltage.

DRIVING HIGH-CURRENT LOADS

The output drive-current for a 555 is 200mA maximum. The output voltage is 1.7v less than rail voltage.
A driver transistor can be connected to the output pin to improve the output current to 1amp (or more) and deliver an output voltage that is near rail voltage. Globes are a typical example of a high-current load. They require up to 6 times the normal current when starting. This is due to the cold filament having a very low resistance. The same applies to motors. They have a high start-up current requirement.
Any driver transistor can be fitted as shown in the diagram below:

Use a driver transistor for loads greater than 200mA

The CMOS 7555 has an output current capability of 50mA and will need a driver transistor for currents above 80mA.

MISTAKES

1. Pin 2 must be taken LOW for it to activate the 555. The circuit shows a positive voltage being applied to pin 2. This will do nothing.

2. Connecting pin 2 to pin 4 and leaving them "open" as shown in the diagram above is very dangerous. These are fairly high-impedance pins and the consequences of leaving them open will be unpredictable.

3. Pin 2 cannot be left "open." The 10u will initially charge to 2/3 rail voltage and the voltage will be detected by pin 6. Pin 7 will then discharge the 10u and wait for a low to be detected by pin 2. Pin 2 will actually have no voltage on it but the pin requires a very small current (about 500 nano-amp) to activate the chip. If a static charge delivers this current, the chip will cycle. The outcome is unpredictable.

4. Pin 4 cannot be left "open." For pin 4 to reset the chip, it must be taken below 0.7v and supplied a current of 100uA. If it is left open you cannot guarantee the chip will operate.

KNIGHT RIDER

In the Knight Rider circuit, the 555 is wired as an oscillator. It can be adjusted to give the desired speed for the display. The output of the 555 is directly connected to the input of a Johnson Counter (CD 4017). The input of the counter is called the CLOCK line.

The 10 outputs Q₀ to Q₉ become active, one at a time, on the rising edge of the waveform from the 555. Each output can deliver about 20mA but a LED should not be connected to the output without a current-limiting resistor (330R in the circuit above).


The first 6 outputs of the chip are connected directly to the 6 LEDs and these "move" across the display. The next 4 outputs move the effect in the opposite direction and the cycle repeats. The animation above shows how the effect appears on the display.

Using six 3mm LEDs, the display can be placed in the front of a model car to give a very realistic effect. The same outputs can be taken to driver transistors to produce a larger version of the display.

LIGHT DETECTOR

The Light Detector circuit detects light falling on the Photo-cell (Light Dependent Resistor) to turn on the 555. Pin 4 must be held below 0.7v to turn the 555 off. Any voltage above 0.7v will activate the circuit. The adjustable sensitivity control is need to set the level at which the circuit is activated. When the sensitivity pot is turned so that it has the lowest resistance (as shown in red), a large amount of light must be detected by the LDR so that its resistance is low. This produces a voltage-divider made up of the LDR and 4k7 resistor. As the resistance of the LDR decreases, the voltage across the 4k7 increases and the circuit is activated.
When the sensitivity control is taken to the 0v rail, its resistance increases and this effectively adds resistance to the 4k7. The lower-part of the voltage-divider now has a larger resistance and this is in series with the LDR. Less light is needed on the LDR for it to raise the voltage on pin 4 to turn the 555 on.

DARK DETECTOR

For the Dark Detector circuit above, when the level of light on the photo-cell decreases, the 555 is activated. Photo-cells (Photo-resistors) have a wide range of specifications. Some cells go down to 100R in full sunlight while others only go down to 1k. Some have a HIGH resistance of between 1M and others are 10M in total darkness. For the circuit above, the LOW resistance (the resistance in sunlight) is the critical value.


More accurately, the value for a particular level of illumination, is the critical. The sensitivity pot adjusts the level at which the circuit turns on and allows almost any type of photo-cell to be used.

POLICE SIREN

The Police Siren circuit uses two 555's to produce and up-down wailing sound. The first 555 is wired as a low-frequency oscillator to control the VOLTAGE CONTROL pin 5 of the second 555. The voltage shift on pin 5 causes the frequency of the second oscillator to rise and fall.

IR LED TRANSMITTER

The Infra-Red Transmitter circuit produces a low for about 40uS and has a duty-cycle of 90% HIGH and 10% LOW. It delivers a pulse of 150mA at a frequency of about 2kHz to the infra-red LED.

SCHMITT TRIGGER

555 can be wired as a Schmitt Trigger to clean up noise signals.

TOUCH SWITCH

The Touch Switch circuit will detect stray voltages produced by mains voltages and electrostatic build-up in a room. Pin 2 must see a LOW for the circuit to activate. The circuit can be made 100 times more sensitive by adding a transistor
to the front-end as shown in the diagram below:

NEGATIVE SUPPLY

A negative supply can be generated with a 555 operating in astable mode. The generated voltage is approximately 3v less than the rail voltage due to pin 3 rising to about 1.7v below rail voltage, plus the loss in the power diode. A small loss is produced by the electrolytic in the diode-pump design, creating an overall loss of approx 3v.

The output current should be kept to below 50mA, otherwise the output voltage will drop further.